Multi-paradigm spatial information processing
نویسنده
چکیده
For computer software, the semantics of spatial information is not a trivial issue. Due to the differences between human spatial cognition, reasoning, and communication, and its computerised counterpart, a number of difficulties persist in bringing the two paradigms together. While the qualitative way in which humans reason about space enables them to solve all kinds of spatial problems in their environment, the mostly quantitative mechanisms of computerised systems often fail to achieve the same results in a similarly elegant manner. Computers have difficulties to “understand” spatial notions and expressions such as “near the University”, “along the river”, “in the southern part of the city”, “behind the post office”, or “on the shelf next to the sugar”. For some tasks, however, quantitative methods implemented in software applications offer solutions far superior to qualitative spatial reasoning conducted by humans. This applies, for example, to route planning and navigation. When reviewing existing work, it becomes apparent that available spatial models and processing/reasoning techniques are mostly limited to certain application domains. A number of systems based on quantitative paradigms offer sophisticated and effective solutions, for example for route planning and navigation. Other work has focussed on qualitative aspects and addresses other problems with similar success. In both cases, there exist several very efficient and well-investigated methods to deal with certain tasks. What is still missing is a unifying component. There is very scarce evidence of work concentrating on making different paradigms available in a single system architecture. TheMulti-Paradigm Location Language (MPLL) presented in this work aims at bridging the gap between quantitative and qualitative spatial models, representations, and processing techniques, in the sense of providing a means for humans to individually specify the way they understand space, and a means for machines to apply quantitative and qualitative methods to these specifications. It provides a framework which facilitates implementing access to different services, which are specifically suited to perform special tasks, such as qualitative reasoning on spatial relations between different entities, or strictly geometrical computations. Spatial notions, however, are often highly subjective. MPLL, therefore, offers flexible means to adapt the specifications to individual needs and preferences, as well as the context of use. This thesis illustrates the approach to reach the objective of providing a flexible specification language embedded into an extensible system architecture for the purpose of providing the means to specify and process spatial information in geospatial scenarios. These scenarios primarily pertain to tasks which concern, and are conducted by, human beings, such as route planning in indoor and outdoor scenarios, and spatial relations between, and interaction with, real world objects. Zusammenfassung Die Semantik räumlicher Information mit Computerprogrammen zu verarbeiten, ist kein triviales Vorhaben. Aufgrund der Unterschiede zwischen der Art und Weise wie Menschen räumliche Problemstellungen kognitiv modellieren, diese kommunizieren und lösen, und derjenigen, wie Maschinen dies bewerkstelligen, bestehen einige grundlegende Probleme, beide Paradigmen zu vereinen. Computersysteme können die qualitativen Techniken, die es Menschen erlauben, eine Vielzahl verschiedener Probleme in ihrer räumlichen Umwelt zu lösen, mittels quantitativer Mechanismen oft nur unzureichend nachbilden. Maschinen haben Schwierigkeiten, räumliche Begriffe und Ausdrücke zu “verstehen”, wie zum Beispiel “Nahe der Universität”, “entlang dem Fluß”, “im Süden der Stadt”, “hinter der Post”, oder “im Regal neben dem Zucker”. Quantitative Methoden sind jedoch, in Form entsprechender Softwareapplikationen, in der Lage, einige spezielle Problemstellungen weit besser zu lösen als der Mensch mit seinem räumlichen Denken dazu in der Lage wäre. Vorhandene Arbeiten auf diesem Gebiet legen nahe, dass verfügbare Modelle und Techniken weitgehend auf bestimmte Anwendungsgebiete zugeschnitten sind. Zahlreiche Systeme basierend auf quantitativen Paradigmen offerieren ausgefeilte und effektive Lösungen. Andere Arbeiten betrachten qualitative Aspekte und widmen sich anderen Problemstellungen mit ähnlichem Erfolg. In beiden Fällen existieren gleichermaßen ausgereifte und effiziente Methoden zur Lösung bestimmter Aufgaben. Was bisher fehlt ist eine übergreifende Komponente. Es gibt nur spärliche Information über Arbeiten, die paradigmenübergreifende Lösungen in einer einzigen Systemarchitektur vereinen. Die Multi-Paradigm Location Language (MPLL) zielt darauf ab, die Lücke zwischen beiden Modellen, Repräsentationen und Verarbeitungstechniken zu schließen. Sie soll es einerseits Menschen ermöglichen, ihr individuelles räumliches Verständnis spezifizieren zu können, andererseits diese Spezifikationen für quantitative und qualitative maschinelle Verarbeitung zugänglich machen. Im vorgestellten Systemgerüst können Zugänge zu unterschiedlichen Modulen und Diensten implementiert werden, die jeweils einzelne Aspekte räumlicher Problemstellungen lösen können. Dazu gehören z.B. qualitatives räumliches Schließen, als auch strikt geometrische Berechnungen. Da räumliche Begriffe und Ausdrücke einen stark subjektiven Charakter haben, stellt MPLL die notwendigen Werkzeuge bereit, um die Spezifikationen an den individuellen Fall, Kontext und weitere Vorgaben anzupassen. Die vorliegende Arbeit illustriert den Ansatz, diese Ziele zu erreichen. Sie bestehen darin, eine Spezifikationssprache für geographische Szenarien zu schaffen, die die angegebenen Eigenschaften erfüllt und in ein erweiterbares System eingebettet ist. Hierbei liegt die Betonung auf geographischen Szenarien. Die typischen Probleme betreffen Menschen, und werden von ihnen in entsprechendem Umfeld bearbeitet. Darunter fallen z.B. Routenplanung innerhalb und ausserhalb von Gebäuden, räumliche Relationen, sowie die Interaktion mit realen Objekten.
منابع مشابه
A new model for persian multi-part words edition based on statistical machine translation
Multi-part words in English language are hyphenated and hyphen is used to separate different parts. Persian language consists of multi-part words as well. Based on Persian morphology, half-space character is needed to separate parts of multi-part words where in many cases people incorrectly use space character instead of half-space character. This common incorrectly use of space leads to some s...
متن کاملMulti-resolution Algorithms for Building Spatial Histograms
Selectivity estimation of queries not only provides useful information to the query processing optimization but also may give users a preview of processing results. In this paper, we investigate the problem of selectivity estimation in the context of a spatial dataset. Specifically, we focus on the calculation of four relations, contains, contained, overlap and disjoint, between data objects an...
متن کاملMulti-Focus Image Fusion in DCT Domain using Variance and Energy of Laplacian and Correlation Coefficient for Visual Sensor Networks
The purpose of multi-focus image fusion is gathering the essential information and the focused parts from the input multi-focus images into a single image. These multi-focus images are captured with different depths of focus of cameras. A lot of multi-focus image fusion techniques have been introduced using considering the focus measurement in the spatial domain. However, the multi-focus image ...
متن کاملApproximation-Based Similarity Search for 3-D Surface Segments
The issue of ®nding similar 3-D surface segments arises in many recent applications of spatial database systems, such as molecular biology, medical imaging, CAD, and geographic information systems. Surface segments being similar in shape to a given query segment are to be retrieved from the database. The two main questions are how to de®ne shape similarity and how to ef®ciently execute similari...
متن کاملA Robust Parallel Framework for Massive Spatial Data Processing on High Performance Clusters
Massive spatial data requires considerable computing power for real-time processing. With the help of the development of multicore technology and computer component cost reduction in recent years, high performance clusters become the only economically viable solution for this requirement. Massive spatial data processing demands heavy I/O operations however, and should be characterized as a data...
متن کاملISIS: A Semantic Mediation Model and an Agent Based Architecture for GIS Interoperability
The diversity of spatial information systems promotes the need to integrate heterogeneous spatial or geographic information systems (GIS) in a cooperative environment. This paper describes the research project ISIS (Interoperable Spatial Information System) which is a semantic mediation approach to support GIS interoperability. Its key characteristic is a dynamic resolution of semantic conflict...
متن کامل