Multi-paradigm spatial information processing

نویسنده

  • Bernhard Lorenz
چکیده

For computer software, the semantics of spatial information is not a trivial issue. Due to the differences between human spatial cognition, reasoning, and communication, and its computerised counterpart, a number of difficulties persist in bringing the two paradigms together. While the qualitative way in which humans reason about space enables them to solve all kinds of spatial problems in their environment, the mostly quantitative mechanisms of computerised systems often fail to achieve the same results in a similarly elegant manner. Computers have difficulties to “understand” spatial notions and expressions such as “near the University”, “along the river”, “in the southern part of the city”, “behind the post office”, or “on the shelf next to the sugar”. For some tasks, however, quantitative methods implemented in software applications offer solutions far superior to qualitative spatial reasoning conducted by humans. This applies, for example, to route planning and navigation. When reviewing existing work, it becomes apparent that available spatial models and processing/reasoning techniques are mostly limited to certain application domains. A number of systems based on quantitative paradigms offer sophisticated and effective solutions, for example for route planning and navigation. Other work has focussed on qualitative aspects and addresses other problems with similar success. In both cases, there exist several very efficient and well-investigated methods to deal with certain tasks. What is still missing is a unifying component. There is very scarce evidence of work concentrating on making different paradigms available in a single system architecture. TheMulti-Paradigm Location Language (MPLL) presented in this work aims at bridging the gap between quantitative and qualitative spatial models, representations, and processing techniques, in the sense of providing a means for humans to individually specify the way they understand space, and a means for machines to apply quantitative and qualitative methods to these specifications. It provides a framework which facilitates implementing access to different services, which are specifically suited to perform special tasks, such as qualitative reasoning on spatial relations between different entities, or strictly geometrical computations. Spatial notions, however, are often highly subjective. MPLL, therefore, offers flexible means to adapt the specifications to individual needs and preferences, as well as the context of use. This thesis illustrates the approach to reach the objective of providing a flexible specification language embedded into an extensible system architecture for the purpose of providing the means to specify and process spatial information in geospatial scenarios. These scenarios primarily pertain to tasks which concern, and are conducted by, human beings, such as route planning in indoor and outdoor scenarios, and spatial relations between, and interaction with, real world objects. Zusammenfassung Die Semantik räumlicher Information mit Computerprogrammen zu verarbeiten, ist kein triviales Vorhaben. Aufgrund der Unterschiede zwischen der Art und Weise wie Menschen räumliche Problemstellungen kognitiv modellieren, diese kommunizieren und lösen, und derjenigen, wie Maschinen dies bewerkstelligen, bestehen einige grundlegende Probleme, beide Paradigmen zu vereinen. Computersysteme können die qualitativen Techniken, die es Menschen erlauben, eine Vielzahl verschiedener Probleme in ihrer räumlichen Umwelt zu lösen, mittels quantitativer Mechanismen oft nur unzureichend nachbilden. Maschinen haben Schwierigkeiten, räumliche Begriffe und Ausdrücke zu “verstehen”, wie zum Beispiel “Nahe der Universität”, “entlang dem Fluß”, “im Süden der Stadt”, “hinter der Post”, oder “im Regal neben dem Zucker”. Quantitative Methoden sind jedoch, in Form entsprechender Softwareapplikationen, in der Lage, einige spezielle Problemstellungen weit besser zu lösen als der Mensch mit seinem räumlichen Denken dazu in der Lage wäre. Vorhandene Arbeiten auf diesem Gebiet legen nahe, dass verfügbare Modelle und Techniken weitgehend auf bestimmte Anwendungsgebiete zugeschnitten sind. Zahlreiche Systeme basierend auf quantitativen Paradigmen offerieren ausgefeilte und effektive Lösungen. Andere Arbeiten betrachten qualitative Aspekte und widmen sich anderen Problemstellungen mit ähnlichem Erfolg. In beiden Fällen existieren gleichermaßen ausgereifte und effiziente Methoden zur Lösung bestimmter Aufgaben. Was bisher fehlt ist eine übergreifende Komponente. Es gibt nur spärliche Information über Arbeiten, die paradigmenübergreifende Lösungen in einer einzigen Systemarchitektur vereinen. Die Multi-Paradigm Location Language (MPLL) zielt darauf ab, die Lücke zwischen beiden Modellen, Repräsentationen und Verarbeitungstechniken zu schließen. Sie soll es einerseits Menschen ermöglichen, ihr individuelles räumliches Verständnis spezifizieren zu können, andererseits diese Spezifikationen für quantitative und qualitative maschinelle Verarbeitung zugänglich machen. Im vorgestellten Systemgerüst können Zugänge zu unterschiedlichen Modulen und Diensten implementiert werden, die jeweils einzelne Aspekte räumlicher Problemstellungen lösen können. Dazu gehören z.B. qualitatives räumliches Schließen, als auch strikt geometrische Berechnungen. Da räumliche Begriffe und Ausdrücke einen stark subjektiven Charakter haben, stellt MPLL die notwendigen Werkzeuge bereit, um die Spezifikationen an den individuellen Fall, Kontext und weitere Vorgaben anzupassen. Die vorliegende Arbeit illustriert den Ansatz, diese Ziele zu erreichen. Sie bestehen darin, eine Spezifikationssprache für geographische Szenarien zu schaffen, die die angegebenen Eigenschaften erfüllt und in ein erweiterbares System eingebettet ist. Hierbei liegt die Betonung auf geographischen Szenarien. Die typischen Probleme betreffen Menschen, und werden von ihnen in entsprechendem Umfeld bearbeitet. Darunter fallen z.B. Routenplanung innerhalb und ausserhalb von Gebäuden, räumliche Relationen, sowie die Interaktion mit realen Objekten.

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تاریخ انتشار 2007